...continued from https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/91107-adaptive-colouration-in-the-puku-kobus-vardoni-an-anomalously-plain-coloured-grazer-part-1#
INCONSPICUOUS PATTERNS (cont.)
Incipient/residual band at junction of belly/lower flank
This feature, although faint, is consistent among individuals, regardless of sex and age.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37703217
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35174260
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183532379
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/wildlife-chobe-national-park-botswana-2222434941
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/puku-kobus-vardonii-senganus-male-standing-1624748146
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/male-puku-walking-south-luangwa-2420659305
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/male-puku-154457786
Pale on ventral/anterior surface of neck
White on inner surface of upper hindleg
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-8387497-african-elephants-walking-past-pukus
Plainness on anterior surfaces of legs
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/male-puku-158764706
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/puku-antelope-south-luangwa-national-park-350486321
COMPARISON WITH KOBUS KOB
Nominate subspecies Kobus kob kob
The puku and Kobus kob constitute a 'superspecies', distributed from Senegal to Ethiopia and southwards to Botswana (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Kobus_kob_distribution.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Leefgebied_Puku-Kobus_vardonii.png).
I have shown the colouration of the subspecies Kobus kob kob (https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/90862-kobus-kob-kob-as-the-west-and-central-african-counterpart-for-the-common-impala-aepyceros-melampus-part-1#).
Comparison with K. k. kob highlights the puzzle of plain colouration in the puku. This is because the former is the smaller-bodied and less associated with open vegetation, yet possesses the more conspicuous features in the form of
Of the conspicuous features seen in K. k. kob, the only one retained in the puku is the posterior auricular flag.
Subspecies Kobus kob thomasi
The following photo-pair shows that the puku is a dull-coloured version of the Uganda kob (particularly superciliary whitish, and dark on anterior surfaces of legs):
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-uganda-kob-kobus-kob-thomasi-23820043.html?imageid=B51D937E-CF43-4818-8D6A-3F9904633452&p=4071&pn=1&searchId=bf0df45f6cdd487771c0a27ea33653bf&searchtype=0
versus
https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/puku-luangwa-national-park-zambia-habitat-is-royalty-free-image/128122833?phrase=puku+kobus+vardonii&adppopup=true and https://www.alamy.com/impala-antelope-at-murchison-falls-national-park-safari-reserve-in-uganda-the-pearl-of-africa-image222662810.html?imageid=1F4848EE-8015-4423-A54C-763925F1ECD2&p=370223&pn=1&searchId=4206b8d7157b1538d730f9c70124285d&searchtype=0 and https://www.alamy.com/puku-kobus-vardonii-standing-side-profile-zambia-image179830705.html?imageid=1B0FF3CF-E751-4143-8839-8165628469EA&p=524999&pn=1&searchId=acc709c179443e5d1df94979b0f1c3a2&searchtype=0
Darkness on the tail-tassel is also less well-developed than in the Uganda kob.
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/uganda-kob-muchison-falls-national-park-1533550322
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/some-uganda-kobs-walking-through-green-87766975
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/baby-kob-his-mother-kobus-murchison-1687419769
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/uganda-kob-kobus-thomasi-national-parks-2083558879
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/ugandan-kob-kobus-thomasi-rainy-day-2103703763
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/uganda-kob-kobus-thomasi-national-parks-2015207261
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/beautiful-uganda-kob-front-centre-jackson-1897215655
DISCUSSION
There are various residual/incipient features in the colouration of the puku. These are noteworthy in assessing relationships between the puku and
However, none if these qualifies unambivalently as a conspicuous feature, according to the system of bleezes, flags, and semets ().
The only feature that may perhaps qualify is the pattern on the back-of-ear, consisting of
The dark apex resembles that (https://www.superstock.com/asset/rear-view-impala-female-head-aepyceros-melampus-nakuru-national-park/1566-1419927) of the common impala (Aepyceros melampus), but is
The following exceptionally fortunate photo (https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/pukus-impalas-royalty-free-image/560130395?phrase=puku+kobus+vardonii&adppopup=true) shows clearly the evolutionary convergence in the posterior auricular flags of the puku and the common impala.
The pale panel resembles - but is less well-developed than - those in various cervids, e.g. the sika deer (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/rear-view-of-a-sika-deer-resting-in-an-animal-farm-gm1729392605-541626097?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/close-up-of-fallow-deer-head-gm498401388-79628877?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-head-female-deer-garden-close-up-head-female-deer-garden-image288507716).
The partial loss of the dark/pale contrast on the back-of-ear in mature males is consistent with similarly subtle sexual dimorphism in
The maximum case for conspicuousness of the pattern on the hindquarters can be seen in https://tandemstock.com/assets/63532549.
The inconspicuousness of the tail of the puku is consistent with that in all other reduncins.
The tail in genus Kobus is possibly less conspicuous than in any other genus of gregarious bovids.
The incipient/residual band at the junction of belly and lower flanks seems convergent with a feature in e.g.
This feature, however faint, is puzzling because it seems to undermine the countershading (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countershading) that is part of cryptic colouration (https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/female-puku.html?sortBy=relevant and https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/solitary-male-puku-antelope-kobus-vardonii-1085192054).
Therefore, the adaptive significance of the darkish belly/flank-band - whether dark in other ruminants or faint as in the puku - remains to be explained.
The puku has lost the pedal flag seen in Kobus kob (https://www.alamy.com/impala-antelope-at-murchison-falls-national-park-safari-reserve-in-uganda-the-pearl-of-africa-image222662810.html?imageid=1F4848EE-8015-4423-A54C-763925F1ECD2&p=370223&pn=1&searchId=bf0df45f6cdd487771c0a27ea33653bf&searchtype=0).
Comentarios
Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, showing trotting gait and caudal flagging:
https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/reindeer-svalbard-norway-royalty-free-image/534984118?phrase=svalbard+reindeer&adppopup=true
Kobus vardoni in Tanzania:
https://kilomberovalley.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/kilorwemp-kvrs-imp-app-ii-puku-plan.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250612508_Reduncine_antelope_of_the_Zambezi_basin
https://bioone.org/journals/mammalian-species/volume-52/issue-994/seaa007/Kobus-vardonii-Artiodactyla-Bovidae/10.1093/mspecies/seaa007.short
https://es.123rf.com/photo_24496026_impala-wildlife-antecedentes-de-%C3%A1frica-diversi%C3%B3n-en-la-naturaleza-y-actos-hilarantes.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_116597298_cerca-de-un-lobo-et%C3%ADope-raro-y-en-peligro-de-extinci%C3%B3n-canis-simensis-en-las-tierras-altas-de-las.html
Antilocapra americana
https://es.123rf.com/photo_5267317_ant%C3%ADlope-berrendo-bucks.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_43950257_bryce-canyon.html
Antidorcas marsupialis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_21040462_vista-lateral-de-una-gacela-ant%C3%ADlope-antidorcas-marsupialis-sud%C3%A1frica.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_156262941_una-manada-de-gacelas-caminando-en-el-%C3%A1rido-kgalagadi.html
Bos javanensis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_100689040_retrato-de-banteng-tailandia.html
Nanger granti
https://es.123rf.com/photo_101110170_vista-lateral-de-la-gacela-de-grant-nanger-granti-parque-nacional-tsavo-east-kenia.html
Kobus kob thomasi with Alcelaphus lelwel:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_14426574_impala-del-ant%C3%ADlope-en-murchison-falls-national-park-reserve-safari-en-uganda-la-perla-de-%C3%A1frica.html
Capreolus capreolus
https://es.123rf.com/photo_120889071_grupo-de-corzos-en-el-campo-en-verano.html
Eudorcas thomsoni nasalis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_105015483_manada-de-pastoreo-de-gacelas-de-thomson-en-la-sabana-de-masai-mara.html
IMPALA BACK-OF-EAR
https://es.123rf.com/photo_26745744_impala-vida-silvestre-de-%C3%A1frica-gritar-dulce-nada.html
Ambling gait in Aepyceros melampus
https://es.123rf.com/photo_114507071_impala-com%C3%BAn-aepyceros-melampus-caminando-en-el-kalahari.html
Muntiacus muntjak
https://es.123rf.com/photo_154720813_primer-paso-de-un-peque%C3%B1o-cervatillo-en-la-pradera-al-amanecer-parque-nacional-khao-yai-tailandia.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_68604004_feminino-cervo-de-cauda-branca-em-um-campo-de-grama.html
Capra pyrenaica?
https://es.123rf.com/photo_132864769_cabra-mont%C3%A9s-pastando-en-una-zona-boscosa-del-interior-de-valencia.html
Alcelaphus lelwel
https://es.123rf.com/photo_13870618_un-hartebeest-lelwel-ant%C3%ADlopes-en-el-murchison-falls-national-park-uganda.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_88214789_ant%C3%ADlope-lelwel-hartebeest-alcelaphus-buselaphus-lelwel-tamb%C3%A9m-sabido-como-jackson-s.html
Nanger granti
https://es.123rf.com/photo_16210531_s-de-grant-gazelle-nanger-granti-en-savannah-maasai-mara-tanzania.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_121812176_algunos-ant%C3%ADlopes-nativos-en-los-pastizales-de-la-sabana-de-kenia.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_25529829_impalas.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_7660301_tres-gacelas-del-grande-sincr%C3%B3nicamente-ir-sobre-un-c%C3%A9sped-verde-contra-un-paisaje-de-monta%C3%B1a.html
Facial, labial, and mandibular vibrissae in Dama dama:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_17368673_una-foto-de-un-ciervo-en-el-entorno-natural.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_7344982_close-up-disparo-de-ciervos-j%C3%B3venes-enfoque-est%C3%A1-en-el-ojo.html
Kobus leche
https://es.123rf.com/photo_199651733_female-red-lechwe-stands-staring-with-catchlight.html
Oryx
https://es.123rf.com/photo_181469260_manada-de-oryx-con-cuernos-de-cimitarra-oryx-dammah-caminando-a-trav%C3%A9s-de-los-matorrales-de-miedo.html
https://www.jamboreetours.com/african-antelope-facts/
Capricornis sumatraensis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_8269153_serial.html
Lama guanicoe
https://es.123rf.com/photo_16731408_guanaco-en-chile.html
Rupicapra
https://es.123rf.com/photo_74660198_gamuza-lat-rupicapra-rupicapra.html
Redunca redunca
https://es.123rf.com/photo_24437322_ant%C3%ADlope-de-monta%C3%B1a-reedbuck-con-cuernos-negros-curvos.html
Semi cross-walk in Cervus canadensis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_83595016_un-ciervo-solitario-en-un-prado-verde-sayany.html
Eudorcas thomsoni
https://es.123rf.com/photo_160972404_macho-de-gacela-de-thomson-est%C3%A1-parado-mirando-a-la-c%C3%A1mara.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_122317342_una-gacela-de-thomson-en-el-paisaje-de-hierba-de-la-sabana-en-kenia.html
Saiga
https://es.123rf.com/photo_197848875_el-ant%C3%ADlope-saiga-o-saiga-tatarica-camina-en-la-estepa-cerca-del-abrevadero-en-invierno.html
Odocoileus virginianus
https://es.123rf.com/photo_186410222_close-up-shot-of-white-tailed-deer-at-oklahoma.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_176868834_venado-de-cola-blanca-odocoileus-virginianus-de-pie-en-un-campo-agr%C3%ADcola-cosechado-de-wisconsin-en.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_199232668_wild-animals-concept-white-tailed-deer-fawn-bambi-young-roe-deer-capreolus-beautiful-wildlife-buck.html
Axis axis, showing rhinarium
https://es.123rf.com/photo_184947484_ciervos-sika-los-animales-caminan-en-el-zool%C3%B3gico.html
Cervus nippon
https://es.123rf.com/photo_102394114_par-de-ciervos-sika-en-el-zool%C3%B3gico.html
Mouflon
https://es.123rf.com/photo_35118655_manada-mufl%C3%B3n-de-pie-en-el-bosque-en-invierno.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_78509409_manada-de-moufflons-europeos-marrones-salvajes-ovis-ammon-en-campo-de-nieve-del-invierno-un.html
Dama dama
https://es.123rf.com/photo_194964315_ciervo-en-barbecho-dama-dama-caminando-en-un-bosque-los-colores-de-la-naturaleza-son-claramente.html
Oreotragus transvaalensis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_56833074_especie-oreotragus-oreotragus-familia-de-bovidae-klipspringer-era-roca-y-paisaje-de-%C3%A1frica.html
Odocoileus hemionus
https://es.123rf.com/photo_21123215_cerca-de-un-ciervo-joven.html
Oryx gazella, showing trotting gait
https://es.123rf.com/photo_199340761_oryx-sudafricano-corriendo-vista-lateral-en-tierra-seca-en-el-parque-transfronterizo-kgalagadi.html
Antilope cervicapra, showing extreme ambling gait
https://es.123rf.com/photo_24594229_ciervo.html
Rusa timorensis?
https://es.123rf.com/photo_16419117_venado-cola-blanca.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_87302534_grupo-de-j%C3%B3venes-ciervos-corriendo-en-el-fondo-de-la-sabana-verde-al-atardecer.html
Oryx gazella and Antidorcas marsupialis
https://es.123rf.com/photo_35323175_algunos-gacela-y-oryx-est%C3%A1n-comiendo-escondidos-en-la-hierba-alta-namibia.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_15569137_deers.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_79158907_el-hartebeest-rojo-que-se-coloca-en-la-hierba-y-starring-en-la-c%C3%A1mara-en-kgalagadi-transfrontier.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_187434575_gacela-de-grant-gazella-granti-manada-en-el-parque-masai-mara-kenia.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_221176347_tassels-on-the-ears-of-a-lynx-back-view.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_71702921_cabra-de-monta%C3%B1a-vertical-de-cerca-solo.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_215321716_ant%C3%ADlope-canna-en-la-naturaleza-animal-con-cuernos-en-la-vista-de-ant%C3%ADlope-salvaje.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_36584629_cervus-duvaucelii-ciervos-de-los-pantanos-cruzando-el-r%C3%ADo-karnali-bardia-nepal.html
https://species.biodiversityireland.ie/profile.php?taxonId=119293
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-deer-gm1435283685-476667809?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-deer-family-grazing-the-meadows-gm1350841959-426795972?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-deer-buck-in-rut-gm182213775-11020125?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-buck-looking-at-camera-gm1277393157-376616481?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-deer-gm182912697-13941687?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://africawild-forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=7290
https://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Kobus_vardonii.html
https://www.africahunting.com/media/puku.954/
https://www.jungledragon.com/specie/3563/puku.html
https://www.safaribookings.com/luambe/wildlife-photos#photo1
With impala
https://www.alamy.com/puku-kobus-vardonii-male-in-south-luangwa-national-park-in-eastern-zambia-image344311854.html?imageid=305C6B91-B8C8-4A32-875E-25DA06226C00&p=1249180&pn=1&searchId=acc709c179443e5d1df94979b0f1c3a2&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-puku-kobus-vardonii-male-146327630.html?imageid=17D4F95B-E695-462D-A1BE-9CF31FCFB49F&p=22211&pn=1&searchId=acc709c179443e5d1df94979b0f1c3a2&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-male-puku-kobus-vardonii-south-luangwa-national-park-zambia-africa-39497159.html?imageid=50C50C7E-B746-4188-9BCF-87ECC04D83ED&p=57165&pn=1&searchId=acc709c179443e5d1df94979b0f1c3a2&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-puku-kobus-vardonii-adult-male-standing-on-grassland-south-luangwa-70269875.html?imageid=E1EC1FF9-3871-4FFE-ABC2-01E8114D1092&p=11592&pn=2&searchId=cd244ebf5432c4191236edc6287a8da0&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/puku-kobus-vardonii-adult-male-standing-on-grassland-south-luangwa-n-p-zambia-image545688130.html?imageid=2EB595E1-8C3C-4A96-9F0D-65933FE243F4&p=819994&pn=2&searchId=cd244ebf5432c4191236edc6287a8da0&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/male-puku-with-cattle-egrets-bubulcus-ibis-african-sacred-ibis-threskiornis-aethiopicus-kafue-river-kafue-national-park-zambia-africa-egrets-image354789753.html?imageid=7C3960C4-E7A2-4D3F-A200-7855E41C01D7&p=135160&pn=1&searchId=356726421c3ae41a10ca229beb33e10d&searchtype=0
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/buck-impala-antelope-on-masai-mara-2302900551
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/puku-kobus-vardonii-female-suckling-lamb-2399668207
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/two-puku-193651553
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/chobe-national-park-puku-antilopes-africa-2384186743 and https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/chobe-national-park-puku-antilopes-africa-2384187155
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/puku-baby-146984708
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/profile-view-long-shot-puku-family-1530353363
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/lechwe-waterbuck-kobus-leche-pukumoorantilope-south-170422964
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/african-reedbuck-antelope-6645886
https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/puku-im-south-luangwa-nationalpark-sambia-kobus-vardonii-puku-south-luangwa-nationalpark-zambia/ZON-5301906
https://www.kimballstock.com/results.asp?db=a&txtkeys1=puku
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/puku-antelope-302542853
https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/841808
https://www.mindenpictures.com/stock-photo-puku-kobus-vardonii-adult-male-running-on-grassland-south-luangwa-naturephotography-image80175413.html
Anterior and posterior auricular flags in Kobus kob thomasi:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14375740-uganda-kob-queen-elizabeth-national-park-kobus
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14820790-uganda-kob-murchison-falls-national-park-kobus
Tail of Kobus kob thomasi
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14375731-uganda-kob-queen-elizabeth-national-park-kobus
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1098619015-kob-kobus-group-field-uganda-herd-on
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1098632643-kob-kobus-group-field-uganda-2022-herd
Conspicuous darkness in Syncerus caffer, with an individual of Kobus kob thomasi for reference:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1018511845-uganda-kob-lake-chad-buffalo-herd-grazing
Kobus kob thomasi juvenile male, showing semi cross-walk and pedal flagging:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14820787-uganda-kob-murchison-falls-national-park-kobus
Kobus kob kob, showing ambling gait and overall similarities to the common impala:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1085418794-kob-buck-herd-northern-ghana-africa-forest
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN POSTERIOR AURICULAR FLAG
The following clearly shows the loss of dark on the tip of the ear pinna and the back-of-ear in mature males of Uganda kob thomasi:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1049312278-antelope-kobus-kob-beautiful-horns-profile-annoying
Kobus kob thomasi, showing ambling gait:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1049316031-african-antelopes-kobus-kob-migrate-evening-savannah
Resembling caudal flagging in Kobus kob thomasi:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-34435315-kobus-kob-baby-running-behind-mom-super
Ourebia, showing grooming by means of teeth, not tongue:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14820799-uganda-kob-murchison-falls-national-park-kobus
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-14896609-uganda-kob-murchison-falls-national-park-kobus
Kobus kob thomasi, clearly showing a) colouration of tail, b) sexual dimorphism in posterior auricular flag, and c) sexual dimorphism in that the ground-colour is darker in male than in female:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1049314924-male-antelope-kobus-kob-sniffs-female-genitalia
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-20989702-male-impala-antelope-eating-grass-natural-habitat
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-6093182-male-impala-antelope-aepyceros-melampus-natural-habitat
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1106652885-impala-antelopes-around-standpost-nairobi-national-park
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1012359650-herd-impalas-serengeti-tanzania-africa
Clear illustrations of fact that, in Aepyceros melampus, pale on back-of-ear is insufficient to qualify for a posterior auricular flag (the dark apex notwithstanding):
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1011469031-impala-herd-serengeti-tanzania-africa and https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1011469028-impala-herd-serengeti-tanzania-africa and https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1023511504-impala-aepyceros-melampus-herd-females-masai-mara
The 'best-case' for a posterior auricular flag in A. melampus can be seen in https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-21099250-impalas-resting-heat-maasai-mara-kenya-Africa.
Extraordinary detail of mouth and tail during grooming in Aepyceros melampus:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-20202586-wild-antelope-african-botswana-savannah
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-33933628-hartebeest-alcelaphus-buselaphus-herd-standing-savanna-masai
Ambling in Kobus kob
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1071378415-herd-antelopes-roaming-around-african-wild
@tonyrebelo @jeremygilmore
Worthwhile footage of Damaliscus pygargus pygargus, presumably in the Mokala area (is this legal?)
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-5988002-herd-bontebok-antelopes-damaliscus-pygargus-dorcas-natural
Clear view of dark bare skin at stifle-fold
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-3429865487-alert-impala-antelope-aepyceros-melampus-drinking-water
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