INTRODUCTION
Ruminants walk with subtle gaits, difficult to classify and name.
My approach is to distinguish between ambling and a semi cross-walking gaits.
(Readers, please note: watch all the videos linked in this Post in slow motion, by adjusting the 'playback speed' to 0.5 or 0.25.)
In ambling, the hind foot is lifted only after the opposite fore is placed (watch from 40 seconds in slow motion in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EawG4Gu3Js).
By contrast, in semi cross-walking, the hind foot is lifted before the opposite fore is placed (https://vimeo.com/407626704 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=hxkM96MYlb8 and https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/deer-walk-cycle-vector-31351189 and https://www.shutterstock.com/da/image-vector/deer-walkcycle-silhouette-vector-illustration-frame-1724464180).
An amble is a 'parallel gait', whereas a cross-walk is a 'diagonal gait'.
In reality, the footfall-sequence varies among species along a continuum, rather than dichotomously. Thus, a semi cross-walk is, in terms of the footfall-pattern, intermediate between a cross-walk and an amble.
However the criterion between amble and semi cross-walk is significant, because it potentially affects the balance/stability of the locomotion.
The distinction is as follows:
In ambling, for most of the time there are two feet simultaneously off the ground on the same side (left or right) - which is relatively unstable in that it risks tipping to the unsupported side.
In cross-walking, by contrast, the two feet off the ground are on different sides, viz. left fore with right hind, or right fore with left hind. This is relatively stable, because it maintains diagonal propping. An additional advantage of semi cross-walking is that two feet are off the ground simultaneously for less than half of the time.
Readers can practise distinguishing between the approximately 'parallel' walk and the approximately 'diagonal' walk by repeatedly viewing the following video clips (adjusting the playback speed to show the footfall sequence in slow motion):
AIMS
The aim of thus Post is to show the walking gaits of as many genera and species as possible of cervids, according to the distinctions among ambling, semi cross-walking, and cross-walking.
RESULTS
Cervus elaphus
semi cross-walking:
semi cross-walking in masculine strutting:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1017907225-wild-red-deer-stag-walking-bright-morning
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/red-deer-rutting-season-737170840
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O9x3bQpGhw
cross-walking (on unstable substrate):
https://www.dreamstime.com/red-deer-hind-crossing-stream-water-close-up-winter-image138050863
Cervus canadensis
semi cross-walking:
nearly ambling:
Cervus nippon
semi cross-walking:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_91171124_a-sika-deer-walking-across-a-path-in-the-woods.html
https://www.istockphoto.com/video/young-deer-on-the-green-grass-at-the-zoo-gm1304918196-395939791
Elaphurus davidianus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nDF9nyR62YQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvuQK9M5O5w
https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-nature-image01617635.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6KT9HyEqwc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-PkYSIGRl8
including during masculine strutting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9o-Oap1xs9M
from 12 seconds, infant semi cross-walking, despite this meaning that the hind hoof must closely displace the fore hoof on the same side in order to avoid collision between hind and fore https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqxIzx13FWk
nearly ambling:
https://www.staffanwidstrand.se/image/I0000NS9g.SH5Xug
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-20558605-pere-davids-deer-herd-migrate-graze-elaphurus
from 10 seconds in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pItzvvhZBPA
Dama dama
semi cross-walking:
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/625669/view/male-fallow-deer-walking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBaW7gt4Z4M
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-3399380867-lonely-little-deer-walking-forest-reserve-near
mature males in masculine 'strutting'
cross-walking:
https://www.istockphoto.com/video/male-fallow-deer-in-early-morning-in-the-mountain-gm455379654-47416714 and https://www.istockphoto.com/video/male-fallow-deer-in-early-morning-in-the-mountain-gm455379664-47416706
ambling, in the case of a 'sizing-up' rivalry:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DuKpftCyYQ
Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii
semi cross-walking:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-9660908-barasingha-buck-male-adult-lone-walking-dry
Rucervus duvaucelii branderi
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203124378
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41095389
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/167214
particularly clear illustration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBigKO906QY
Rucervus duvaucelii ranjitsinhi
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151055042
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57116955
Rucervus eldii thamin
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168242154
Rusa unicolor
semi cross-walking:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1088508487-two-sambar-deer-walking-tall-grass-chitwan
https://elements.envato.com/beautiful-male-sambar-rusa-unicolor-deer-walking-i-7B59BYH
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1092275273-full-shot-alert-male-sambar-deer-rusa
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-3408587259-wide-shot-wild-male-sambar-deer-rusa
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1086299906-medium-shot-alert-male-sambar-deer-rusa
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1061061169-sambar-deer-rusa-unicolor-walking-camping-site
nearly ambling:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1043561428-male-sambar-rusa-unicolor-deer-walking-forest
Axis axis
semi cross-walking:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1086407951-spotted-deer-walking-by-lake-grazing-on
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1106064753-young-fawn-walking-family-chital-deer-axis
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200980388
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200949170
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198874750
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198017784
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195135338
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/193248217
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/190913332
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189221931
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180169624
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154401674
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/146830355
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141066937
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128162956
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124302723
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121589144
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106209507
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104858657
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86792450
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84813634
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78527205
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67505176
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62016340
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58817487
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58494440
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/52911280
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17745503
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103764392
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76480500
cross-walking on slippery mud:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9286624
ambling when walking slowly and intermittently:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1076048012-chital-axis-known-spotted-deer-walks-along
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1044612139-young-female-chital-spotted-deer-walking-fresh
Axis calamianensis
semi cross-walking:
https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/axis-calamianensis-il-cervo-delle-calamian--532691462160335580/
Axis porcinus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200989109
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204580149
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189105346
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171540300
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143331865
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143331862
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132290202
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104537477
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75619533
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56209847
Muntiacus muntjak
semi cross-walking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24TTA2hyACg
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199189534
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104055155
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50964329
Muntiacus reevesi
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131640943
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189456815
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189456814
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189456818
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198193914
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153315798
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198125641
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/159119168
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160588169
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175548019
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88361679
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194393858
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/91085505
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160533132
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOR-xWEDu-c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdY3V2gS9nE
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203805111
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200407447
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68049271
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37197028
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27135781
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32206829
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202647340
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202100088
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/191197301
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169551622
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69861331
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37197028
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36801722
Muntiacus vaginalis
semi cross-walking:
https://www.dreamstime.com/muntjac-wandering-indian-forest-kanha-national-park-india-image178606716
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154108943
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113053895
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195042714
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194976263
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20352798
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/180760250
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/166776808
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158022968
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/130205558
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/31520508
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123318951
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93027063
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45948655
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35532310
cross-walking on stony (uneven) ground:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127327396
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173583089
cross-walking on even ground:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148684604
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/146966105
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29632667
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131635371
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127111592
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123514259
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106431659
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105837724
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66402576
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66351601
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65449146
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63630513
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55674785
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55160054
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55159578
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50530419
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45470885
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44433993
to be continued in https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/91630-walking-gaits-in-cervidae-deer-tend-to-cross-walk-as-opposed-to-the-ambling-typical-of-many-bovids-part-2-odocoileinae#...
Comentarios
walking gaits in Kobus kob
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1085418794-kob-buck-herd-northern-ghana-africa-forest
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-14820787-uganda-kob-murchison-falls-national-park-kobus
Shift
Excellent illustration of posterior auricular flag and ischiocaudal flag in Rusa unicolor
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1088509089-two-sambar-deer-walking-tall-grass-chitwan
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1088508487-two-sambar-deer-walking-tall-grass-chitwan
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1088508483-two-sambar-deer-walking-tall-grass-chitwan
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1074736637-sambar-deer-rusa-unicolor-thailand-group-female
Shift to bipedality
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1080627062-seen-edge-lake-during-afternoon-standing-on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvNlqsMt4Bk
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-3397499771-group-chital-deer-spotted-running-forest-during
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/young-deer-walking-5-jeramey-lende.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpDYRxM-eqk
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-9660689-barasingha-several-walking-dry
Aepyceros melampus nearly semi cross-walking
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1111750669-roe-deer-walk-along-park-kenya-high-quality
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1063365145-roe-deer-capreolus-doe-walking-on-green
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1K6PfBtZwk
https://www.facebook.com/longleat/videos/1073763519697404/
Raising of tail during defecation in Elaphurus davidianus
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=993780098700041
Pedal flag
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203877184
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198577290
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194468065
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189382003
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153645132
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145617530
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135562708
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107223691
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/105972521
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104691872
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84890148
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82702482
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78266518
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72311061
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69637091
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58932840
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56530571
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39503149
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39390185
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21196227
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203508430
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203426456
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203124393
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199214580
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183875825
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186927909
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186631602
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183061385
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165760295
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/166170646
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109682726
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165260964
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144747227
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137522150
Display of tail while sucking
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/136999509
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133732173
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86292616
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/86290563
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/82702543
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55467903
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55379519
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54715921
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41331660
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29429025
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122116096
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116190034
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109446236
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107644996
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103822379
Kobus vardoni semi cross-walking
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204526238
https://www.istockphoto.com/video/roe-deer-in-a-snowy-forest-capreolus-capreolus-wild-roe-deer-in-winter-nature-gm1082521428-290332243
Particularly interesting on the topic of JUMPING
https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/water-deer-activity-activities
https://www.venture-rv.com/vacation-planner/4-legged-critters/deer.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3EIRxKXpDQ
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101833417
pedal flag in Oryx leucoryx
https://stock.adobe.com/images/hoof-of-an-arabian-oryx-oryx-leucoryx-phoenix-arizona-united-states-of-america/554952815?prev_url=detail
https://stock.adobe.com/images/solitary-lonely-arabian-oryx-in-desert-landscape-looking-towards-the-camera-making-eye-contact-dubai-uae/558824340?prev_url=detail
https://stock.adobe.com/images/this-is-the-national-animal-of-united-arab-emirates-the-picture-of-arabian-oryx-was-shot-in-the-al-qudra-desert-dubai/599797781?prev_url=detail
https://stock.adobe.com/images/juvenile-animals-of-antelope-scimitar-horn-oryx-oryx-leucoryx-due-to-danger-of-extinction-the-species-was-introduced-from-sahara-and-adopted-in-nature-reserves-of-the-middle-east/493520425?prev_url=detail
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72617321
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66793738
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64039286
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63414597
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60677719
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59110857
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58768318
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56721599
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56209642
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49403216
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45236767
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38338836
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37271018
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36879781
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36729911
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36040179
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34330167
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25609159
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19063618
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18678799
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17753731
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/128442496
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18359504
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17181637
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16261537
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12201479
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2438313
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164154287
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154075492
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153539192
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19114570
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15566623
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1079013284-muntjacs-known-barking-deer-rib-faced-that-zoo
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1079013281-muntjacs-known-barking-deer-rib-faced-that-zoo
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1079013275-muntjacs-known-barking-deer-rib-faced-that-zoo
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1012262672-muntjacs-barking-deer-mastreani-small-genus-muntiacus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nh9e1xoUJ4Q
https://www.aboutanimals.com/mammal/muntjac-deer/
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