14 de septiembre de 2024

Phemeranthus spinescens

Mostly focused on locations and substrates.

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/241296476

Publicado el septiembre 14, 2024 03:58 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

30 de mayo de 2024

Lomatium key

For east of Cascade Crest in Washington State only, excepting species in the southeast corner near Pullman (several have a range that just reaches there). Simple species descriptions.

Unlike keys such as those in Hitchcock and Cronqust, this key is useful to mere mortals (like me).

Key when IN FLOWER. Many Lomatiums appear quite different after flowering, often more erect and with leaves appearing sparser or dying back. In many species the leaves are still expanding during early flowering so keep that in mind. A few can be readily identified based only on fruit, not covered here.

A "leaf" is an entire leafy structure, which in Lomatiums is usually divided into many "leaflets".

Flowers dark red/purple/brown:
---- small on serpentine - Lomatium cuspidatum (narrow endemic)
---- large shrubby - Lomatium dissectum (flowers sometimes yellow) or Lomatium multifidum (flowers usually yellow, sometimes with purple flush). These two are hard to tell apart, but dissectum average leaflet is wider and flatter than multifidum and only multifidum has a stalked fruit).

Flowers pink to dark rosy pink:
---- large shrubby, distinctive foliage looking puffy from a distance - Lomatium columbianum

Flowers white and green:
---- low growing with large umbels - Lomatium macrocarpum (occasionally yellow)

Flowers white:
---- tiny (1-2 inches tall):
-------- thick folded leaflets on very rocky soil - Lomatium lithosolamans (rare)
-------- less thick leaflets, less folded:
------------ Lomatium gormanii or Lomatium piperi

---- small (2-4 inches tall):
-------- leaflets flat, leaf nearly flat and parallel to ground, often with a blue-gray flush - Lomatium canbyi

---- medium sized:
-------- Lomatium geyeri

Flowers dark yellow:
---- cylindrical leaves, on talus rock - Lomatium tuberosum (rare)

Flowers yellow:
---- very small (1-3 inches tall):
-------- few leaves, narrow folded leaflets - Lomatium farinosum

---- small (2-5 inches tall):
-------- dense short hairs on leaflets - Lomatium watsonii (flowers sometimes pale)
-------- similar to watsonii but glabrous, will probably be called Lomatium frenchii
-------- leaves highly dissected, leaflets very narrow - Lomatium quintuplex (narrow endemic)
-------- Lomatium knokei (very rare, narrow endemic, narrow leaflets)
-------- Tauschia stricklandii (narrow endemic, mostly Mt. Rainier, wide leaflets)

---- medium sized:
-------- very narrow leaflets (often threadlike) - Lomatium simplex
-------- narrow to medium width leaflets:
------------ scrawny to slightly bushy:
---------------- Lomatium triternatum (common), Columbia Plateau, southeast Cascades, etc
---------------- Lomatium ambiguum, funny shaped blunt leaflets sometimes like moose antlers
------------ slightly to fairly bushy:
---------------- Lomatium brandegeei, taller and shrubbier than L. triternatum, northeast Cascades
---------------- Lomatium roneorum, small thick leaflets, rare narrow Chumstick endemic
--------- very wide leaflets, only a few per leaf - Lomatium nudicaule or Tauschia stricklandii (above)

---- large and shrubby looking with highly dissected leaves:
-------- small SHINY leaflets with sharp tip - Cymopteris terebinthus (often on sand)
-------- Lomatium dissectum often has somewhat glossy leaflets
-------- extremely dissected leaves with very small near-cylindrical leaflets:
------------ Lomatium papilioniferum (sometimes considerably smaller plant)
-------- matte leaflets - everything else :-)
------------ Lomatium dissectum (usually red), Lomatium klickitatense, Lomatium laevigatum, Lomatium multifidum (sometimes red), Lomatium thompsonii (narrow endemic); also consider Cymopteris terebinthus and Lomatium papilioniferum listed just above.

Publicado el mayo 30, 2024 08:53 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 2 comentarios | Deja un comentario

05 de mayo de 2024

Astragalus Identification (Washington State)

Relatively jargon-free guide to Washington State Astragalus species.



Glossary:
axillary - coming out of the stem at the base of a leaf or petiole (leaf stem). The axil is like the upward-facing arm pit of the leaf attachment.
banner - the top part of the flower, usually standing up like, well, a banner.
calyx - the structure that encases the base of the flower and usually persists to hold the base of the seed pod.
keel - the usually rounded central part of the flower, enclosed by the wings (sometimes nearly hidden by wings) and below the banner.
raceme - the collection of flowers on a single stem (spike).
wings - the usually flattish extended flower parts that flank or enclose the keel.


Other Astragalus that [can be confused with] are in square brackets, Washington State range only.
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Astragalus canadensis -
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Astragalus caricinus - [lyallii, spaldingii] Small to medium sized semi-erect plant with small tan to off-white flowers and average width leaflets. Silky hairy all over especially raceme and calyx, high axillary floral racemes, medium small with smallish light tan to off-white flowers. Calyx silky hairy with long narrow teeth. Small silky hairy seed pod (but nowhere near purshii). Often in sandy soil. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/212263702. Distinguished from lyallii: difficult, leaflets slightly narrower, flowers often more tan and with less purple, range mostly further southeast.
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Astragalus collinus - Not yet observed. Tall, semi-sprawling, tall erect yellow flowered spike. Found in Okanogan (north central) and southeast corner of state. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/215849553

Astragalus columbianum - Not yet observed (rare). Seems to look a lot like a white A. succumbens with much narrower leaflets.

Astragalus conjunctus - Not yet observed. Tall, erect, white to violet flowers, narrow leaflets. From Hanford south, mostly in Oregon and Idaho.

Astragalus filipes - [sclerocarpus] Large shrubby, off-white to pale yellow aging to golden-tan flowers (often closed-looking). Narrow leaflets with short white hairs lying flat. Green calyx with dark hairs and short teeth. Often very floriferous with tall straight stems nearly vertical, but emerging from leaf axils. Drooping nearly straight seed pods, green with red edges. Common in Oregon, probably less so in Washington but widespread. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/211953031. Distinguished from sclerocarpus: hairless pods, no violet on flower, not found on sand.

Astragalus inflexus - Purple flowered sprawling plant, compact raceme. Very long narrow calyx teeth, very wide leaflets, wooly to silky all over, curved erect seed pod. Mostly in SE Washington but present on Columbia Plateau as well, mostly right on the river. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/211978029

Astragalus leibergii - [reventiformis] Medium sized, white flowers with large banner, stout straight upright flower stems. Calyx with short black to dark green hairs and moderately elongated teeth. Somewhat narrow leaflets. Seed pods erect, red to green with red speckles (later tan/brown), prominent longitudinal fold, fine extension at tip (all similar to reventiformis), but the base of the pod tapers to the pod stem, whereas reventiformis has a more abrupt pinch. If the calyx is still present there is a stalk (stipe) ABOVE the calyx connecting the fruit (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/217316302). https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213569452

Astragalus lentiginosus - Sprawling purple to pale flowered, at northern edge of range in WA but widespread at lower elevations on the Columbia Plateau. Small compact flower racemes, leaflets wide and usually with short silky hairs, green to rusty red calyx with short white or dark hairs and short to medium length pointed teeth. Flower looks rather closed (flag close to wings). Seed pod inflated with short pale hairs and green to yellow with red lines, blotches, or speckles. Pods recognizable even late in season when in piles around the withered plant. Pile of old pods: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/241308066. Pods: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169180855. Flowers: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162002302

Astragalus lyallii - [caricinus, spaldingii] Small sprawling plant on sandy soil, average width to wider leaflets, small off-white flowers with vertical purple stripes on banner sometimes with overall purple flush, short rounded wings, calyx with long narrow teeth, congested to loose raceme, silky white hairs all over, densest on raceme and calyx. Raceme axillary forming high on branched leaf-bearing stems. Seed pod with dense silky hairs. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213575999. Distinguished from spaldingii: location (partly), calyx teeth longer than flower tube.

Astragalus misellus - Not yet observed. Creamy white to pale yellow flowers.

Astragalus purshii - Abundant, small sprawling plant, purple to pale purple flowers usually sprawling on few-flowered racemes, extremely densely wooly/silky seed pods held to side. Easy to ID in flower or in seed.

Astragalus reventiformis - [leibergii] generally similar to A. leibergii but wider leaflets (about average while leibergii are usually narrower), longer calyx lobes, and usually taller. Endemic mostly to area between Yakima and Ellensburg in hills and dry montane areas. Barely overlapping range with leibergii, with the dividing line roughly from Cle Elum through Ellensburg to Hanford Reach. Pod with very short to no visible stalk (stipe) above calyx (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221925779). See leibergii for more comments. Comment from Aaron Liston at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/211241784. Comment from mihail13 at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/222053955. Pod base at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221925779.

Astragalus reventus - Erect white flower stems, average leaflets. Not yet observed, endemic to Blue Mountains.

Astragalus sclerocarpus - [filipes] Sprawling to semi-upright lanky plant with off-white flowers usually with pink to violet blush on wings and keel (usually darker especially tip), fading to yellowish. Narrow leaflets with fine white hairs lying flat. Green to pale calyx with dark hairs and short teeth. Drooping curved to nearly straight seed pod with very short hairs. On sand or very sandy soil. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/212285319 Seed pods: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165801163. Distinguished from filipes: fine white hair on seed pods, usually some violet on flower, usually found on sandy soil. Seed pods mature to curved.

Astragalus sinuatus - extremely rare endemic south of Wenatchee in the Columbia gorge or adjacent hills. White to light tan-yellow flower, curved fruit.

Astragalus spaldingii - [caricinus, lyallii] Not yet observed, small plant raceme elongated to congested and short, white flowers. Raceme densely long wooly, leaves and stems with abundant silky to wiry hairs. Calyx wooly/silky with very long teeth. Mostly in Channeled Scablands and southeast corner of WA. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/215154432 (not mine). See caricinus and lyallii for differences.

Astragalus speirocarpus - Tightly curled seed pods. Usually medium-low shrubby looking with unusually wide leaflets and appressed white hairs. Calyx with black hairs and shortish teeth. Creamy white to pale yellow flowers usually with prominent purple markings on keel and base of wings. Wings seem to be more flared (angled laterally) than most Astragalus. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156340066

Astragalus succumbens - Often sprawling on sand with upright racemes. Wide leaflets with bristly looking edges. Flowers pink, white, or pale violet held above leaves in congested raceme, often appearing almost spherical. Calyx with stout hairs and long teeth. Seed pods erect with prominent furrow and shiny green, turning reddish brown. Common in sandy soils on southern Columbia Plateau. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/208400719

Astragalus tweedyi - Not yet observed. Tall shrubby, white flowers. Erect green seed pod usually with red freckles. Almost all in eastern Columbia Transect and adjacent northern Oregon.

Astragalus whitneyi - Smallish low sprawling plant, purple or white flowers in few-flowered compact raceme, medium wide leaflets, on rocky to very rocky soil. Calyx moderately white hairy with medium sized pointed teeth and often dull red. Keel more beaked than most Astragalus, often protruding well above the wings. Leaflets medium wide, somewhat wooly or with appressed white hairs. Seed pod very distinctive, inflated with red markings. Usually in lower eastside mountains in WA, rocky soil. Seed pod: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127128415. Flower: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221614523.

Publicado el mayo 5, 2024 10:30 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

05 de enero de 2024

Smelowksia ovalis vs americana

Very similar, but S. ovalis has usually more rounded leaflets. Both have pubescent leaf petioles but only S. americana has spreading hairs near the base of the petiole.

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195783491

Publicado el enero 5, 2024 04:12 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

26 de diciembre de 2023

06 de agosto de 2023

Gymnocarpium Ferns of PNW

Gymnocarpium disjunctum and G. dryopteris are very hard to distinguish reliably from photos. The only perfectly reliable guide is based on genotype (G. dryopteris is an allotetraploid with one of the parents being diploid G. disjunctum).

G. dryopteris leaves are generally smaller, but hard to distinguish from young G. disjunctum.

The pinnules (leaflets) of the second pinna are usually highly asymmetric in size in G. disjunctum but similar in size or only mildly asymmetric in G. dryopteris. See https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/176866915. According to Hitchcock and Cronquist, >1.5x length difference is G. disjunctum and less is G. dryopteris. I would say that if they are nearly equal in length call it G. dryopteris and if they are >2x in length call it G. disjunctum, otherwise leave ID at genus level.

The basal pinnae of mature G. disjunctum are often 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate with moderately to deeply lobed terminal leaflets (3-pinnatifid).

Both ferns usually present in the field as somewhat dispersed groups of single fronds, each arising from a long wandering rhizome. If you can observe the second pinna pair in multiple such fronds the distinction should be clearer but it is annoying to photograph lots of them.

There are other small differences listed in Hitchcock and Cronquist but they are even subtler or microscopic (spore size).

Publicado el agosto 6, 2023 02:44 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 1 comentario | Deja un comentario

01 de junio de 2023

Scablands

from https://www1.usgs.gov/csas/nvcs/unitDetails/860590

"Artemisia rigida is restricted to the Columbia Plateau scablands with shallow, poorly drained, lithic soil over fractured basalt that is often saturated in winter, but typically dries out completely to bedrock by midsummer. "

The main USDA soil-type designations are Argabak (the shallowest) and some Bakeoven. Though the user interface is a little cranky, interactive soil type maps with a lot of associated information can be found at https://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/. You have to zoom in far enough to make the boundaries visible. The delineations are approximate and often don't show small patches of scabland.

The area can't be bounded by one rectangle, but this iNaturalist view includes a lot of scabland around Whiskey Dick ridge. Another area that has lots of readily accessed (and under-observed) scabland on top of small benches is Babcock Bench, just to the east of the Columbia river. The famous channeled scablands are south of Grand Coulee dam, in the old Columbia river drainage where the massive erosion during multiple Lake Missoula end-ice-age floods is most prominent. That area also has lots of scablands as used here.

Scablands (as used here, not identical to channeled scablands) are common in Kittitas and Yakima Counties, and there are also many patches to the north in Chelan County and east and northeast in Douglas and Grant Counties on the east side of the Columbia River. They are defined here as shallow rocky soils (less than 40 cm deep) over basalt bedrock from the Columbia Plateau basalt flows (Argabak). The easily recognized Pediocactus nigrispinus is a good indicator in some areas, but it is not always present or may be sparse and hard to find. With a little experience, Artemisia rigida (Scabland Sagebrush) is easier to pick out and it seems to be present in all but the rockiest spots. If you see a sizeable area with rocky soil and sparse vegetation but lots of a low winter-deciduous sagebrush (no more than 3 feet tall) it is very likely Artemisia rigida. They also almost always have abundant small bunch grass Poa secunda, but this isn't as easy to recognize and is found in other areas as well. In April to May many of the scablands sport the prominent yellow-flowered Nestotus stenophyllus, which is absent in nearby deeper soils so they appear as bright yellow patches of ground. (There is another bright yellow flower Erigeron linearis that flowers a little later but is also found commonly outside scablands.)

The scabland areas are often nearly flat or on gentle to moderate slopes, making them easily accessible and most are on very poor farm/range land so they tend to be public and unfenced. In some places they sit on top of obvious basalt benches (rather like very short mesas with a basalt escarpment around the edges). In some few places, scabland may cover a large area, but often it is present in small patches, perhaps half an acre to several acres (~0.2 to 2 hectares). The widespread and much taller Artemisia tridentata (Big Sagebrush) does not grow on scabland soils but is often present in adjacent deeper soils and occasionally in soil mounds in the middle of scabland patches.

The scablands support a remarkable diversity of plants, but all the plants are low growing and often early plants have died back before later plants flower so they never appear lush. By midsummer all but the Artemisia rigida and the Eriogonum subshrubs and the cacti have died back, so they look even more barren. For a few precious weeks in early to mid spring the are lots of flowers. April and early May are peak flower times, but there are a few Lomatiums that flower in March as well, and a few plants are still in flower through mid June. In some patches (mostly in Kittitas County), the endemic Lomatium quintuplex is abundant and produces a sparse carpet of small yellow flowers peaking usually in April and early May. Following warm winters (typically El Nino years) all of the flowering times are a few weeks earlier.

Plant associates in Kittitas County scablands and less fully explored areas in Chelan and Douglas Counties to the north (associates in Yakima County just to the south are probably very similar but I have not visited them as much):
Allium acuminatum
Artemisia rigida (indicator in WA)
Astragalus purshii
Antennaria dimorpha
Balsamorhiza hookeri (~indicator in WA)
Castilleja thompsonii
Delphinium nuttallianum
[Draba verna, not native]
Eremogone franklinii
Erigeron linearis
Erigeron poliospermus
Eriogonum douglasii
Eriogonum thymoides (~indicator)
Lewisia rediviva
Lomatium canbyi
Lomatium farinosa
Lomatium gormanii
Lomatium lithosolamans
Lomatium macrocarpum
Lomatium quintuplex (indicator)
Lupinus saxosus
Neoholmgrenia hilgardii
Nestotus stenophyllus (~indicator)
Nothocalais troximoides
Pediocactus nigrispinus (indicator)
Penstemon gairdneri
Phacelia linearis
Phlox douglasii (indicator)
Phlox hoodii
Phlox longifolia
Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides
Poa secunda
Trifolium macrocephalum
Viola trinervata
Indicator plants are nearly always on scabland, but not all scabland patches will have every one.

There are less common associates, and be aware that this list does not include plants of deeper soils adjacent to many of the scabland expanses, which support a quite different plant community associated with Big Sagebrush or denser grass. For scabland, look for areas that are rather barren looking and with obviously rocky soil, lacking any shrubs over a few feet tall, and usually with lots of the low rather scraggly looking Artemisia rigida (which is also deciduous if you are there from about November to March). Often the Big Sagebrush will be in lower areas or mounds of deeper soil, with the scabland mostly on ridges, slopes (low rounded ridges, don't expect mountains), and benches. There may be interspersed talus slopes or rocky ridge tops, which tend to support even fewer plants, and grasslands and other vegetation patterns in draws separating scabland patches.

The delineation between scabland and Big Sagebrush habitat is often rather abrupt but sometimes they are intergraded or occur in interspersed patches.

Publicado el junio 1, 2023 03:51 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 1 comentario | Deja un comentario

30 de mayo de 2023

Phlox douglasii

Publicado el mayo 30, 2023 04:27 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

Eriogonum (Buckwheat) Identification

E. douglasii - very similar to E. sphaerocephalum sublineare. ID notes at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160463297

E. elatum - late flowering clouds of small white flowers in small clusters with large ovate to arrowhead shaped basal leaves on petioles about leaf-length, very tall flower stems, usually highly branched and robust, leafless, giving a rather sparse open look with small flowers.

E. heracleoides - widespread, larger and shaggier than sphaerocephalum with longer narrower leaves and more open flower umbels and usually with large leafy mid-stem bract (often missing in certain areas of central WA), largish plant, flowers cream to pink infused. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165614783

E. niveum - [strictum] low sprawling shrub when not in flower, with smallish ovate to broadly lanceolate leaves on long petioles, densely wooly and usually held vertically. Late flowering freely branched sprays of small flowers, usually white often with narrow pink stripes. Leafy bract at each flower stem branching. Flower stems persist through the winter and are often dark reddish brown. Inner whorl petals (tepals) narrower than outer petals (dimorphic tepals, same as E. strictum). https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131109378 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160462358

E. ovalifolium - very low silvery to greyish foliage (occasionally green) varying from small upright paddle-like leaves to densely packed curled leaves, often forming sizeable mats. One variety has brown margins on leaves. With close inspection three tepals are much narrower and longer than others (dimorphic tepals). Flowers can be candy-striped, or pale to bright yellow, or sometimes dark pink or even red. Flower bracts form a cluster of several conical bract sheaths, each bearing several flowers. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171453389

E. sphaerocephalum - up to 60 cm (24 in) tall, often flowers profusely, bright yellow, intermediate growth form between thymoides/douglasii and heracleoides, except for south central WA (var sublineare) when lower growing much like douglasii but often with revolute leaf margins. Flowers are often compound umbels with a leafy bract around the base, red in bud opening bright yellow. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163335630 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165614783. ID notes: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160463297

E. strictum - [niveum] similar to E. niveum, but with no leafy bract on flower stem, see below. Also often has much longer petioles (up to 4x leaf length) than E. niveum, though I think that character overlaps. Usually flowers earlier than niveum, starting in May in cool year, April in warm year (WA), latest flowers in August. If flowers are creamy to bright yellow, nearly always strictum. Burke comments also suggest this is the common one on rocks and lithosol, with E. niveum usually in deeper sandier soil. Leaf habit usually lower and sometimes looking more like a large E. ovalifolium with longer petioles. Flowers often more yellow than niveum. Usually less branched flower stems than niveum. Inner whorl petals (tepals) narrower than outer petals (same as E. niveum). https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165599598

E. thymoides - easy to recognize from small neat rounded habit and thymelike leaves, appearing like short cylinders. Sometimes old plants sprawl and have a larger woody base but the growing parts still have the neat habit. This and E. douglasii are often found in very rocky shallow soil (scabland).

E. umbellatum - Sulfur Buckwheaat. highly asymmetric tepals, flowers usually yellow but sometimes cream or with some red. Mat-like to raised loose mat, with green upper and pale woolly lower leaves, usually oval but sometimes more elongated, pedicels about half leaf length. Involucre with oval tipped reflexed lobes. Flower heads often compound, when the branches are subtended by prominant leaf-like bracts. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120446928

E. niveum and E. strictum are similar but most reliably differentiated by the leafy bract at the flower branches in E. niveum (inconspicuous and threadlike in E. strictum).

Burke: "The leafy bracts below the flowers throughout the inflorescence separates E. niveum from the similar E. strictum, which has no leafy bracts." JHT adds - the bract leaves are smaller than the basal leaves but similarly hairy and silver in tone.
https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/photo.php?Photo=wtu041148&Taxon=Eriogonum%20niveum&SourcePage=taxon

Comments and links on iNat:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/724985

From jdjohnson:
"Dimorphic tepals means that three tepals are wide and three tepals are narrow. If you find a close-up photo of Eriogonum ovalifolium flowers, you can see the difference."

E. ovalifolium: apparent with a good close up of individual flowers that are well opened, and then dimorphic tepals are very clear, e.g. photo 3 of https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44852252), with the inner whorl much narrower than the outer.

Publicado el mayo 30, 2023 03:09 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario

16 de mayo de 2023

Ankeny Flats

The flat area near Ankeny Camp Area, just north of Dry Falls.

Main comments at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/160466117

Revisit to more fully map patterns. Especially closer to lake side where I haven't recorded as much, and after early May to catch the later flowering plants. Also visit in very early spring 2024 (~early April) to get the early flowering plants, which I missed in 2023.

Graphical species list should be gotten with:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?nelat=47.63771785380799&nelng=-119.31493231561035&place_id=any&swlat=47.630083194746575&swlng=-119.33209845330566&user_id=jhorthos&verifiable=any&view=species

Publicado el mayo 16, 2023 07:10 TARDE por jhorthos jhorthos | 0 comentarios | Deja un comentario